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Economic concept
Clinical endpoint
An outcome that matters directly to health, such as a fracture or heart attack, rather than only a laboratory marker.
All conceptsHow do dairy products affect health and digestion in healthy adults?
Milk, yogurt and cheese can contribute useful nutrients to a healthy diet, and dairy-free diets can meet those needs too. Gastrointestinal effects are often explained by lactose dose and digestion; an otherwise healthy person can digest lactose poorly. For systemic health, the evidence does not support one verdict across all dairy products: cardiovascular comparisons depend on the replacement, yogurt has favorable observational associations with diabetes, and cancer findings differ by site. Symptom relief, a change in a blood marker and a reduction in future disease are three different results.
See it at workHow does gluten affect health and digestion in healthy adults?
Gluten is a group of proteins in wheat, barley and rye; it is neither an essential nutrient nor a demonstrated general health hazard for adults without a related disorder. Evidence does not establish that routine avoidance improves systemic health or digestion in this population. Some people do experience wheat-related symptoms, but gluten, fermentable carbohydrates, expectations and replacement foods need to be distinguished. Celiac disease and wheat allergy change the clinical question, and persistent symptoms deserve evaluation before assuming that an otherwise healthy person simply needs a gluten-free diet.